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Cellulitis Disease 1. About: Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection. It affects the deeper layers of the skin and enters through a break or crack in the upper layer. 2. Causes: It is primarily caused by the Streptococcus and Staphylococcus bacteria. The bacteria enter through cuts, bruises, scrapes, insect bites (e.g., bedbugs, mosquitoes), and other injuries. 3. Risk: It is common among people working in agricultural fields, construction sites, and individuals with compromised skin integrity. Those with diseases like leukaemia, HIV-AIDS, and diabetes, which lower immunity, are at higher risk. 4. Symptoms: Visible Signs include swollen skin, red rashes that appear suddenly, and pain or tenderness in the affected area. Other Symptoms includes fever, chills, and sweating. 5. Treatment: Cellulitis is treated effectively with antibiotics, and most individuals recover fully within 24 hours after treatment. Quick treatment is crucial to prevent complications. 6. Complications: If left untreated, cellulitis can enter the bloodstream and spread to other parts of the body, which can be life-threatening. 7. Prevention: Maintaining proper hygiene can help prevent cellulitis, especially for people with lower immunity. Avoid scratching insect bites or injuries as that can facilitate the spread of infection.

Zorawar The DRDO has successfully completed the first phase of developmental field trials for the Zorawar Light Tank, designed for high-altitude deployment, particularly in areas like Ladakh. • Conducted in desert terrain, the trials tested the tank’s firing accuracy, with the tank meeting all performance goals. • Developed by the Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE) in collaboration with Larsen & Toubro (L&T), Zorawar is a testament to India’s growing indigenous manufacturing capabilities, involving contributions from numerous Indian industries, including MSMEs. • Weighing 25 tonnes, the tank is highly mobile and versatile, capable of being transported by C-17 aircraft. It integrates technologies like unmanned systems and loitering munition, lessons drawn from the Russia-Ukraine conflict

Amplitude Modulation (AM)? In AM, the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the information signal being transmitted. This means that as the amplitude of the input signal changes, the amplitude of the carrier wave also changes proportionally. The frequency and phase of the carrier wave remain constant during this process. AM is typically used for broadcasting over long distances due to its ability to travel further. However, it is more susceptible to noise and interference, which can degrade sound quality. Key Characteristics of AM- Carrier Wave- Amplitude varies; frequency and phase remain constant. Sound Quality- Generally lower than FM; more susceptible to static and noise. Frequency Range- Typically operates between 535 to 1705 kHz. Distance- Can cover larger distances due to lower frequencies. What is Frequency Modulation (FM)? FM involves varying the frequency of the carrier wave according to the information signal. In this method, while the amplitude remains constant, the frequency changes in relation to the amplitude of the input signal. This technique allows FM signals to provide better sound quality and greater resistance to noise compared to AM signals. FM is widely used for music and voice broadcasting because it can transmit a wider bandwidth of audio signals. Key Characteristics of FM- Carrier Wave- Frequency varies; amplitude and phase remain constant. Sound Quality- Higher than AM; less susceptible to noise. Frequency Range- Typically operates between 88 to 108 MHz. Distance- Generally covers shorter distances than AM but offers superior sound fidelity. What is Signal Modulation? Signal modulation is a technique used in telecommunications where a carrier wave’s characteristics– such as amplitude, frequency, or phase– are altered in accordance with a modulating signal (the information being sent). This modulation allows for effective transmission of audio, video, or data signals over various media. Types of Modulation Amplitude Modulation (AM): Varies amplitude. Frequency Modulation (FM): Varies frequency. Phase Modulation (PM): Varies phase; often used in conjunction with FM.

https://youtu.be/aSTHTDPnSnQ This is the recorded video of the 2nd Workshop, in a series of 3, that was conducted on "Structuring the Answer according to the demand of the question". This video discusses (1) significance of understanding the demand of the question; (2) how the answer should be divided into various body parts like introduction, main body & conclusion; (3) how these various parts of the answer should be structured and written; You can download the different Keywords and their meaning, from the given link here: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YuJJrzXYd8YgstJ8chGL54k-qwB4gm4Q/view?usp=sharing You can also access the details of the upcoming Mentorship Programme from the link here: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EuLID690HnC6xBV_Y5w2k_Ik6DpfjAMF/view?usp=drive_link #SociologyOptionalCoachingforUPSC #UPSCSociologyOptionalClasses #SociologyOptionalCourseforIAS #BestSociologyOptionalCoaching #UPSCCSESociologyPreparation #OnlineSociologyOptionalClasses #SociologyOptionalUPSCStudyMaterial #SociologyOptionalStrategyforUPSC

Why is Helium Used in Rockets? 1. Low Weight: Due to its lightness, using helium helps reduce the weight of the rocket, which is crucial for achieving the necessary speed and altitude. 2. Energy Efficiency: A lighter rocket requires less energy to reach orbit, reducing fuel consumption and the need for more powerful, expensive engines. 3. Low Boiling Point: Helium’s boiling point is extremely low (–268.9°C), allowing it to remain in a gaseous state even in super-cold environments, where rocket fuels are often stored. How is Helium Used in Spacecraft? 1. Pressurisation of Fuel Tanks: Helium pressurises fuel tanks, ensuring a steady flow of fuel to the rocket engines. 2. Cooling Systems: It is also used in the cooling systems of rockets and spacecraft. 3. Maintaining Pressure: As fuel is consumed, helium fills the empty space in the fuel tanks, maintaining pressure levels. 4. Non-Reactivity: Since helium is non-reactive, it can safely interact with the residual contents of the fuel tanks.

Neuromorphic computing 1. It is an innovative field of computing that aims to mimic the architecture and functioning of the human brain. 2. Traditional computers operate using binary logic (0s and 1s) in sequential processing, while neuromorphic systems are designed to replicate the way neurons and synapses communicate in the brain. 3. These systems rely on analog signals and multiple conductance states, enabling them to process information in a manner that closely resembles biological neural networks. 4. Neuromorphic computing is particularly beneficial for AI tasks. By replicating neural networks and integrating processing and memory, these systems are able to perform computations with higher accuracy and efficiency.

Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology (CSTT) 1. About: The Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology (CSTT) is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Education, Government of India. It was established in 1961. 2. Objectives of CSTT: The primary objective of CSTT is to standardize and evolve scientific and technical terminology in Indian languages to ensure clarity and uniformity in usage across academic and professional spheres. 3. Aim: CSTT aims to encourage the use of Hindi and other Indian languages as mediums of instruction in higher education, particularly in technical and scientific disciplines, where English has traditionally been dominant.