STAR VET BOOKS

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💊𝙑𝙀𝙏𝙀𝙍𝙄𝙉𝘼𝙍𝙔 𝙋𝙊𝙎𝙊𝙇𝙊𝙂𝙔💊 Branch of pharmacology, which deals with dosage of drugs. 💊𝘿𝙍𝙐𝙂 Refers to any substance that brings about a change in biological function through its chemical action. 💊𝙋𝙍𝙊-𝘿𝙍𝙐𝙂 Refers to compounds that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming an active pharmacological agent.e.g Levodopa into dopamine 💊𝙋𝙇𝘼𝘾𝙀𝘽𝙊 Refers to an inactive substance or preparation given to satisfy the patients symbolic need (psyche need) for drug therapy, and used in controlled studies to determine the efficiency of medicinal substance. 💊𝘿𝙊𝙎𝙀 Amount of drug taken each time by an individual or a quantity to be administrated at one time. (20mg, 10mg, 2drops etc) 💊𝘿𝙊𝙎𝘼𝙂𝙀 Amount of a drug given to an individual per unit body weight or the determination and regulation of the size, frequency and number of doses. 💊𝘿𝙊𝙎𝘼𝙂𝙀 𝙏𝙔𝙋𝙀𝙎 💉𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙥𝙚𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝘿𝙤𝙨𝙚 Average dose for an adult to produce a therapeutic effect 💉𝙈𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙞𝙥𝙡𝙚 𝘿𝙤𝙨𝙚 𝙍𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙨 A treatment schedule for a drug in which it is given at certain intervals. 💉𝙈𝙚𝙙𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝙀𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝘿𝙤𝙨𝙚 The dose of a drug calculated to produce a result in 50 percent of the users of whom the drug was administered. 💉𝙇𝙤𝙖𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝘿𝙤𝙨𝙚 Large dose initially used to produce an effective concentration as quickly as possible 💉𝙈𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝘿𝙤𝙨𝙚 A dose used to maintain the therapeutic effect or concentration in blood plasma 💉𝙈𝙖𝙭𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙡 𝙏𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝘿𝙤𝙨𝙚 Largest dose of a drug that can be taken safely. 💉𝙏𝙤𝙭𝙞𝙘 𝘿𝙤𝙨𝙚 Amount of drug, which produces undesirable harmful effect of serious nature 💉𝙁𝙖𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝘿𝙤𝙨𝙚 A dose that produces death 💊𝘿𝙤𝙨𝙚 𝘾𝙖𝙡𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 Drug dosages are calculated according to body weight in kilograms and concentration of a drug (mg/mL or mg/tablet). https://t.me/starvetbooks

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#Role_of_Starch_in_Dairy_Nutrition 🌽 🌾 🌐 Carbohydrates and the fats are dense energy sources for animals 🐄 and use for increase in milk production 📈 🌐 Starch and Sugars are non-fiber carbs in animal diets and starch is a rapidly fermentable carbs in the rumen vat 🪣 #Higher_Concentration ⬆️⬆️ - A ration with higher concentration of cereal grains 🌾 (wheat, corn, barley, oat) definitely increase the starch percentages in animal' s diet. - Starch level should be 28 to 32 percent of DM in the lactating cows according to the lactating stages #Problem_Happened 🤔🤔 - Increased starch proportion in diet leads to decrease #Ruminal_pH and later on #SARA developed 🎯 - It can also reduce the #ruminal_fiber digestibility - It can also cause #milk_fat_depression 🪔 - It can also decrease the efficiency of #microbial_protein_syntheis in the rumen #Find_out_Solutions 🗝️ 🔍 🔍 To cope up with its negative effects, the practice should be as follows; ✓ Monitoring forages ✓ TMR particle size (PSU separator) ✓ Sorting Behavior of animals (Managed Well) ✓ Balancing starch ferment-ability, if affected by #grainprocessing (kernel) 👍 ✓ Use of #rumen_modifiers as #feedadditives (encourage farmers 👏) " the usage of modifiers not only help to optimize #fiberdigestion but they can also increase the efficiency of rumen microbes 🦠 to utilize nutrients (MCP) more efficiently and has lesser environment impacts " ☁️ 🌡️ #Note: Using starch is not a bad option to enhance production but take a look at the problems that could happen with a high concentration of starch. " In many dairy rations , the cereals are the main energy sources so cautions must be there while using the grains " 🌾 🌽 https://t.me/starvetbooks

💥 Mastitis in dairy animal 🐄 📃1-Staphylococcus aureus (chronic): gradual induration(hardening) of udder drop in milk and atrophy occasionally Per acute and acute mostly in early lactation acute swelling of gland milk abnormal clot and pus Gangrene of teat and gland in peracute cases 📌Rx: Intramammary infusion 3 days atleast with In resistance Amoxicillin ampicillin cloxacilin penicillin G Sodium cloxacin 200-600mg ×3 Tetracycline 400mg Penicillin-streptomycin 100000'240 mg Cephalosporin 📃 2-Streptococcus agalactiae: Gland swollen and warm Watery milk contain clots gradual induration of udder Blitz therapy : same treatment of affected animals 📌Rx: Penicillin erythromycin cloxacilin cephalosporin 90-100% cure Intramammary infusion of cloxacilin 200mg and ampicillin 75 mg ×3 days 📃 3-Cornybactrium bovis: Subclinical mastitis mostly have C.bovis Teat canal region,teat cistern,mammary parenchyma 📌Rx: penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, Cephaprin and erothyromycin intramammary 📃 4- Mycoplasma bovis: milk becomes like egg yolk, blood tinged pink gray or brown discoloration purulent Sudden onset , usually four quarters drop, in milk stop lactating, swelling of udders grossly abnormal secretion in one or more quarter eventually udder atrophy Temperature 105 and then return normal on third day With knee and fetlock joint arthritis and swollen 📌Rx: Floroquinolones,florfenicol Oxytetracycline 5g ×3 Mixture of tylosin500mg + oxytetracycline 450mg 📃 5-E.coli, Klebsiella enterobactor causes coliform mastitis The common clinical signs of coliform mastitis are associated with the release of endotoxin and include swelling of the udder, watery milk with small flakes, decreased milk production, fever, and anorexia. E-coli rarely found in adult Swelling of gland small flakes requires fluids and electrolytes selenium and vitamin E 📌Rx: 3rd generation cephalosporin and floroquinolones

💥Bleeding calf syndrome 🐄 "Bovine neonatal pancytopaenia" 📃What is it? New condition of calves first reported in Germany & Belgium in 2007. Approximately 100 UK farms have reported cases so far. 📌Symtems: Affected calves under 4 week old, calves have signs of external bleeding from nose, rectum, mostly from injection sites or ear tagging. Calves often have persistent fever over 104 F. Hematoma in injection sites. 📌Possible causes: Severe lack of platelets, complete destruction of calf bone marrow, destruction of Red & white blood, lead to anemia. It is currently thought that bone destruction due antibodies produce in the colostrum of cow. 📌Treatment: There is no treatment available. Supportive treatment are not generally been successful like antimicrobial, blood transfusion & clotting agents. 📃Image Credit: AI

🐄:-(:(Greenish Bloody Diarrhoea;-);-)🐮 CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS 🐃🐃💉💉💉🐮🐮 - Species: Cattle - Breed: Friesian - Age: 1 week - Sex: Female - Housing: Indoor pen with a group of similarly aged calves - Management: Standard dairy farm practice with colostrum administration History: - The calf was born without complications and had an uneventful first few days of life. - At 5 days old, the calf began showing signs of diarrhea that were initially mild and watery. - The diarrhea progressively worsened over the next 48 hours, becoming more watery and greenish-yellow in color, with no visible blood. - The calf became lethargic, dehydrated, and refused to suckle. - Other calves in the group showed mild to moderate diarrhea but were not as severely Clinical Signs: - Diarrhea: Watery, yellow-green in color, without blood or mucus. - Dehydration: Sunken eyes, dry mucous membranes, skin tenting. - Lethargy: Reduced activity and reluctance to stand. - Poor appetite: Refusal to suckle. - Weight loss: Loss of body condition over a few days. - Temperature: Mild fever (39.5°C). Initial Differential Diagnosis: 1. Cryptosporidiosis 2. Rotavirus infection 3. Coronavirus infection 4. Enterotoxigenic *E. coli* (ETEC) infection 5. Coccidiosis Diagnostic Workup: 1. Fecal Examination: - A fecal sample was collected and sent to the laboratory for analysis. - Acid-fast staining of the feces revealed Cryptosporidium oocysts, confirming the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. 2. Other Diagnostics: - Tests for *E. coli* (ETEC), rotavirus, and coronavirus were performed but came back negative. Treatment: 1. Fluid Therapy: - The primary treatment for cryptosporidiosis is supportive care, with a focus on correcting dehydration. - The calf was administered oral rehydration solutions (ORS) containing electrolytes and glucose. - Intravenous fluids (Ringer's Lactate) were administered due to the severity of dehydration. 2.Antiparasitic Treatment: - No specific treatment is available to eliminate *Cryptosporidium* in calves. - Halofuginone lactate, an anti-protozoal medication, was administered to reduce the shedding of oocysts and decrease the severity of the infection. 3. Antibiotics: - Broad-spectrum antibiotics were administered to prevent secondary bacterial infections, although they do not directly treat cryptosporidiosis. 4. Environmental Management: - The calf was isolated to prevent the spread of infection to other calves.

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