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📘important terms in economics for EUEE 1. Supply: The total amount of a good or service that producers are willing and able to sell at various prices. 2. Demand: The quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices. 3. Equilibrium: A state in a market where supply equals demand, resulting in stable prices. 4. Opportunity Cost: The value of the next best alternative that is foregone when making a decision. 5. Inflation: The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services rises, eroding purchasing power. 6. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period. 7. Monetary Policy: Actions taken by a central bank to control the money supply and interest rates to influence economic activity. 8. Fiscal Policy: Government spending and tax policies used to influence economic conditions, including demand, employment, and inflation. 9. Market Economy: An economic system where decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on supply and demand. 10. Command Economy: An economic system where the government makes all decisions regarding the production and distribution of goods and services. 11. Elasticity: A measure of how much the quantity demanded or supplied of a good responds to changes in price. 12. Consumer Surplus: The difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a good or service versus what they actually pay. 13. Producer Surplus: The difference between what producers are willing to accept for a good or service versus what they actually receive. 14. Marginal Utility: The additional satisfaction or benefit gained from consuming one more unit of a good or service. 15. Scarcity: The fundamental economic problem of having seemingly unlimited human wants in a world of limited resources. 16. Trade-off: The concept that in order to gain something, one must give up something else. 17. Externalities: Costs or benefits incurred by third parties who are not directly involved in a transaction, affecting their welfare. 18. Public Goods: Goods that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning they are available for everyone to consume without reducing availability for others. 19. Market Failure: A situation where the allocation of goods and services is not efficient, often due to externalities or public goods. 20. Comparative Advantage: The ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity more efficiently than another activity. 21. Absolute Advantage: The ability of an individual or group to produce more of a good or service with the same amount of resources than another individual or group. 22. Business Cycle: The fluctuation in economic activity that an economy experiences over a period of time, typically consisting of expansion and contraction phases. 23. Recession: A period of economic decline characterized by falling GDP, rising unemployment, and reduced consumer spending. 24. Depression: A prolonged period of economic downturn characterized by severe decline in GDP, high unemployment, and significant declines in consumer demand. 25. Stagflation: An economic condition characterized by stagnant growth, high unemployment, and high inflation. 26. Capital: Financial assets or physical assets that can be used to produce goods and services. 27. Labor Force: The total number of people who are willing and able to work, including both the employed and the unemployed. 28. Interest Rate: The amount charged by lenders to borrowers for the use of money, typically expressed as a percentage of the principal. 29. Currency Exchange Rate: The value of one currency for the purpose of conversion to another, affecting international trade and investment.

📘የ Who እና የ Whom ልዩነት እና አጠቃቀም ⭐️ WHO : እንደ የ አንድ ዐረፍተ ነገር Subject (ድርጊት ፈፃሚ) ነው የምንጠቀምበት Eg: ✔️ Who is calling? ✔️ Who made this delicious cake? ⭐️ WHOM : የ አንድ ዐረፍተ ነገር object (ድርጊት ተቀባይ) ስንግለፅ ነው የምንጠቀምበት Eg: ✔️ Whom should I call? ✔️ Whom should we hire for the job? ❤️ ጥያቄውን በሙሉ አረፍተ ነገር በ subject (he,she,I,they) የሚተካ ከሆነ Who እንጠቀማለን ፤ ስንመልስ በ object (him, her, them) የሚተካ ከሆነ ደሞ Whom እንጠቀማለን። Eg: ✔️ Who called you last night? (He/She called me.) ✔️ Whom should I call? (You should call her/him.)

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📘important terms in history for EUEE 1. Civilization: A complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, cultural achievements, and a system of governance. 2. Empire: A large political unit or state that exerts control over territories and peoples through conquest, colonization, or annexation. 3. Feudalism: A social and economic system prevalent in medieval Europe where land was held by lords in exchange for military service, and peasants worked the land in return for protection. 4. Revolution: A significant and rapid change in political, social, or economic structures, often involving the overthrow of a government or ruling authority. 5. Colonialism: The practice of acquiring control over foreign territories, exploiting resources, and establishing settlements, often accompanied by the subjugation of local populations. 6. Renaissance: A cultural movement in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century marked by a revival of interest in art, science, and classical learning. 7. Industrialization: The process by which economies transition from agrarian-based to industrial-based systems, characterized by the growth of factories and mass production. 8. Nationalism: A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation or group, often leading to the desire for self-governance or independence. 9. Totalitarianism: A political system in which the state holds total authority over society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life. 10. Socialism: An economic and political system advocating for collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution. 11. Democracy: A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who exercise that power directly or through elected representatives. 12. Monarchy: A form of government where a single ruler (king or queen) holds supreme authority, often hereditary. 13. Treaty: A formal agreement between two or more sovereign states, often concluding a conflict or establishing terms for cooperation. 14. Genocide: The deliberate and systematic extermination of a particular ethnic, national, or religious group. 15. Cultural Diffusion: The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another, often through trade, migration, or conquest. 16. Archaeology: The scientific study of human history and prehistory through excavation and analysis of artifacts, structures, and other physical remains. 17. Historiography: The study of how history is written and interpreted, including the methods and biases of historians. 18. Primary Source: An original document or artifact created during the time under study, providing firsthand evidence of historical events. 19. Secondary Source: A work that interprets or analyzes primary sources, often created after the time period being studied. 20. Manifest Destiny: A 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the United States across the American continents was both justified and inevitable. 21. Cold War: A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II, characterized by ideological conflict and proxy wars. 22. Civil Rights Movement: A social movement in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s aimed at ending racial discrimination and securing equal rights for African Americans. 23. Imperialism: The policy or ideology of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force to control other nations or regions. 24. Reformation: A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestant churches and significant changes in Christianity. 25. Suffrage: The right to vote in political elections; movements advocating for suffrage have historically sought to extend this right to disenfranchised groups. 26. Enlightenment: An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority, leading to advances in philosophy and political thought.

27. Decolonization: The process through which colonies gain independence from colonial powers, often occurring after World War II. 28. Holocaust: The systematic genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany during World War II. 29. Globalization: The process of increased interconnectedness among countries through trade, communication, and cultural exchange on a global scale. 30. Bureaucracy: A system of government or management characterized by hierarchical structure, standardized procedures, and formal rules for decision-making.

🌻important terms in physics for EUEE 1. Force: An interaction that causes an object to change its velocity, typically measured in newtons (N). 2. Mass: A measure of the amount of matter in an object, usually measured in kilograms (kg). 3. Weight: The force exerted by gravity on an object, calculated as the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (W = mg). 4. Energy: The capacity to do work, which can exist in various forms such as kinetic, potential, thermal, and chemical energy. 5. Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by an object due to its motion, calculated using the formula KE = 1/2 mv^2, where m is mass and v is velocity. 6. Potential Energy: The energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration, often associated with gravitational or elastic forces. 7. Work: The energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement, calculated as W = Fd cos(θ), where F is force, d is displacement, and θ is the angle between the force and displacement vectors. 8. Power: The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, measured in watts (W), where 1  W = 1  J/s. 9. Momentum: The quantity of motion an object has, defined as the product of its mass and velocity (p = mv). 10. Impulse: The change in momentum of an object when a force is applied over a period of time, calculated as J = F Δ t. 11. Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time, measured in meters per second squared (m/s²). 12. Newton’s Laws of Motion: Three fundamental principles that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it:    - First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net external force.    - Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma).    - Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. 13. Friction: The resistance encountered when one surface moves over another, which can be static or kinetic. 14. Thermodynamics: The branch of physics that deals with heat, work, temperature, and energy transfer. 15. Entropy: A measure of disorder or randomness in a system; in thermodynamics, it indicates the direction of spontaneous processes. 16. Electric Charge: A property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electromagnetic field; charges can be positive or negative. 17. Voltage: The electric potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V). 18. Current: The flow of electric charge in a circuit, measured in amperes (A). 19. Resistance: The opposition to the flow of electric current in a conductor, measured in ohms (Ω). 20. Ohm’s Law: A fundamental relationship in electrical circuits stating that V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance. 21. Wave: A disturbance that transfers energy through space or matter, characterized by its wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. 22. Frequency: The number of cycles of a wave that pass a given point per unit time, measured in hertz (Hz). 23. Wavelength: The distance between successive crests (or troughs) of a wave, typically measured in meters. 24. Refraction: The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed. 25. Reflection: The bouncing back of light or sound waves when they encounter a surface. 26. Gravity: A natural phenomenon by which all things with mass are attracted toward one another; described by Newton’s law of universal gravitation. 27. Quantum Mechanics: The branch of physics that deals with the behavior of particles on very small scales, such as atoms and subatomic particles.

ክላሶቻችችን የተመዘገባችሁ ተማሪወች በሙሉ ክላሳችን መስክረም 10 የምንጀምር ሲሆን፣ ጠንከር ብላችሁ መማር አትርሱ!!!